An Immunological Argument for One Health

Human exposure to heavy metals is associated with higher rates of immunological deficiencies, autoimmunity, and cancer. Chronic lead contributes abnormalities in immunomodulation while cadmium linked breast, prostate, lung cancers. Prenatal these impacts both the development function immune cells. The concept one health underscores importance interface between human, animal, environmental health. Herein, we highlight metal via honey consumption as an example critical intersection factors they relate downstream pathologies.